Feline stomatitis is a severe and painful inflammation of a cat’s oral cavity, affecting the gums, tongue, inner cheeks, and the back of the mouth. This condition can significantly impact a cat’s quality of life, making it essential for pet owners to recognize its signs, understand its causes, and explore available treatment options. This guide aims to provide a thorough overview of feline stomatitis for those unfamiliar with the disease or whose cats have recently been diagnosed.

Stomatitis, also known as feline chronic gingivostomatitis, is characterized by widespread inflammation and ulceration within a cat’s mouth. Unlike typical gingivitis, which affects only the gums, stomatitis can involve multiple areas, including the tongue, inner cheeks, and the back of the throat. This condition is extremely painful, often leading to difficulties in eating and grooming.

The exact cause of stomatitis remains unclear, but several factors are believed to contribute:

• Immune System Overreaction: Many experts believe that stomatitis results from an exaggerated immune response to plaque bacteria in the mouth. In affected cats, the immune system attacks the oral tissues, leading to severe inflammation.
• Viral Infections: Chronic viral infections, such as feline calicivirus and herpesvirus, have been linked to stomatitis. Cats with compromised immune systems due to Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) or Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) are more susceptible.
• Bacterial Infections: The presence of certain bacteria in the mouth may contribute to the development of stomatitis, although it’s uncertain whether they are a cause or result of the condition.

Early detection of stomatitis can lead to more effective management. Common signs include:

• Bad Breath (Halitosis): A strong, unpleasant odor emanating from the mouth.
• Drooling (Hypersalivation): Excessive saliva production, sometimes tinged with blood.
• Difficulty Eating: Reluctance to eat, dropping food, or vocalizing pain during meals.
• Weight Loss: Resulting from decreased food intake due to oral pain.
• Poor Coat Condition: Neglect of grooming habits leading to a matted or unkempt appearance.
• Pawing at the Mouth: Indicating discomfort or pain in the oral region.

If your cat exhibits any of these symptoms, consult a veterinarian promptly for a thorough examination.

A veterinarian will perform a comprehensive oral examination, which may require sedation due to the cat’s discomfort. Diagnostic procedures can include:

• Blood Tests: To assess overall health and detect underlying conditions like FIV or FeLV.
• Oral Biopsy: Taking a tissue sample to rule out other diseases such as cancer.
• Dental X-rays: To evaluate the health of teeth and jawbones.

Managing stomatitis can be challenging, and a combination of treatments is often necessary:

• Dental Care: Professional cleaning to remove plaque and tartar. In severe cases, partial or full tooth extractions may be recommended to eliminate plaque-retentive surfaces.
• Medications:
  • Anti-inflammatories: Such as corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and pain.
  • Antibiotics: To address secondary bacterial infections.
  • Pain Relievers: To manage discomfort and improve the cat’s quality of life.
• Immune Modulators: Medications that adjust the immune response may be considered in certain cases.
• Natural Remedies: Some cat owners explore natural treatments to alleviate symptoms. For instance, propolis, a bee product, has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that may benefit cats with stomatitis. It’s available in capsule or spray form and can be administered under veterinary guidance.

In addition to veterinary treatments, at-home care plays a crucial role:

• Oral Hygiene: Regular brushing with cat-safe toothpaste can help reduce plaque buildup. However, this may be challenging in cats with painful mouths.
• Dietary Adjustments: Offering soft or wet food can make eating less painful.
• Stress Reduction: Minimizing stressors in the environment can support overall health and immune function.

The prognosis for cats with stomatitis varies:

• With Treatment: Many cats experience significant relief following dental extractions and appropriate medical management.
• Without Treatment: The condition can lead to severe pain, malnutrition, and a diminished quality of life.

Ongoing veterinary care is essential to monitor the condition and adjust treatments as needed.

Feline stomatitis is a complex and painful condition requiring prompt attention and comprehensive care. By understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, and working closely with your veterinarian, you can help manage your cat’s condition effectively. Exploring both conventional and natural treatment options can provide relief and improve your cat’s quality of life.